KAS Newsletter, Issue 86, Winter 2010
Written By KAS
INSIDE THIS ISSUE:
2-3 Making their Mark
4 Notes from the Archive
5 New books
6 -7 What’s On
8-9 You and Your Society
10-11 Pioneers, Powerbrokers and Saints
12-13 East Farleigh Roman Buildings Update
Letters
14-15 Blean liDAR
16 HER
www.kentarchaeology.org.uk
Sheltering
from
bombs
Graffiti in
Ramsgate tunnels
KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
NEWSLETTER ISSUE NUMBER 86 WINTER 2010
2 Winter 2010 - KAS Newsletter - www.kentarchaeology.org.uk
In April 2010 groundworks for a
housing development on the site of the
former Ellington Girl’s School,
Ramsgate, breached the roof of an
entrance tunnel leading into a set of
tunnels beneath the former school. The
school buildings were demolished in
early 2010. The site had already been
the subject of an evaluation carried out
by Canterbury Archaeological Trust
and a watching brief was being
maintained during the groundworks.
The Trust was commissioned to carry
out a survey of the tunnels, their fittings
and of the significant amount of
graffiti they contained. They also
carried out a brief documentary study
to place them in their historic context.
The well-preserved tunnels are
thought to belong to an air raid shelter
dating to the end of the First World
War. It is unlikely, however, that they
saw much, if any, use at this time.
Neanderthal Occupation
Provision of shelters was made towards
the end of the war in response
to Zeppelin raids and naval
bombardments, but many were not
completed until late 1918. The graffiti
present within the shelter indicates
fairly extensive use during the Second
World War. Although much of it is
indicative of use by the school, there
is some indication that the wider
community also used the facility.
The shelter was of simple form with
two tunnels, lined by benches, linked
by cross passages terminating in toilet
cubicles, marked girls and boys. Three
stairways entered the c.12m-deep
tunnels, corresponding to the Boys’,
Girls’ and Infants’ departments of the
school. Two vertical shafts cut from the
surface are thought to represent
construction shafts, excavated to the
required depth and the tunnels cut
from their bases. This method of
construction is apparently typical of
First World War chalk-cut tunnels
observed elsewhere. The method
follows the mining methods employed
by colliers and it is suggested that men
from the Kent collieries were drafted
in to carry out the tunnel construction.
The tunnels are chalk-cut with no
lining, shoring or supporting arches,
except at the south-west entrance where
a concrete lining was present. They
average 1.3m wide by 2m high, with
local variations, most notably in the
height, as the roof appears to have been
cut following natural seams within the
chalk. The side walls are near vertical
or slightly bowed out, to a height of
c.1.5m, then slope in to meet a flat or
concave roof c.1m wide. Tool marks,
from round-bladed shovels, trenching
tools and picks, are evident on all the
surfaces. Traces of fittings survive, such
as stair risers, bench support brackets,
toilet cubicles, electrical (light) fittings
and candle ledges. These are generally
in poor condition.
MAKING THEIR MARK
The urge to embellish a wall with a name, a comment or a cartoon was as
strong 70 years ago as today, although pencils, rather than aerosols, were
used on the soft chalk of Ellington School’s air raid shelter.
Main picture: Incised Field Cannon
Insert Above: Stenography, not yet decoded
Insert Left: Breach caused by groundworks
Front cover: Popeye
www.kentarchaeology.org.uk - Winter 2010 - KAS Newsletter 3
The tunnels contain many graffiti,
dating, for the most part, from between
late 1943 and late 1946. Due to the
sealing of the tunnels after the war,
these are relatively free from later
additions, and thus provide an
interesting ‘snapshot’ of the time.
Already, however, at least six individuals
have contributed new graffiti, since the
rediscovery of the shelter in April! The
more significant historic examples were
recorded, together with a representative
sample of the remaining graffiti in order
to characterise its nature.
Most of the graffiti were simply
incised or in pencil, probably brought
into the shelters to continue an
interrupted lesson. In contrast to what
might be found in today’s school spaces,
the toilets contained almost none,
perhaps due to the confined space!
Pictures and patterns abound;
human faces and their variants were
common motifs. As one might expect,
many of the graffiti comprise the
names, or more usually initials, of
individuals using the shelter, sometimes
accompanied by other details including
their age, form, and the year, or even
the precise date, of the inscription.
Together, these provide some useful
clues to the use of the shelter. The great
majority were of 1944, with only two
for 1945. It would be interesting to
compare the graffiti giving a precise
date with details of known raids on
Ramsgate – 12 dates are given in 1944.
Several graffiti commemorated D-Day
on 6 June 1944.
One ‘Mable Jenner’ inscribed her
name twice, once aged sixteen and
again at seventeen – on both occasions
using the same slightly unusual spelling
of her first name, and reversing the ‘N’s
in her surname. Assuming she existed,
Mable Jenner was above the normal
school-leaving age when she carved her
name, perhaps reflecting the use of the
shelter by members of the public
outside of school hours.
One group of graffiti reveals the
antipathy of a faction at Ellington
School towards the pupils of St George’s
School, Ramsgate. An inscription
asserts: ‘St Georges are stacked painted
chads’, whilst another provides what
was presumably intended as a
generalized portrait of a St George’s
pupil, with crazed expression, curiously
formed upper lip, and thin, untidy,
hair. St George’s School pupils were
typically from wealthier families than
Ellington’s. By 1942 the term ‘stacked’
was well-established within American
slang, meaning ‘shapely,’ with regard
to the female figure. By 1944 it may
well have been known in Kent. The
term ‘painted’ often referred to the use
of cosmetics, frequently with some
disreputable implication.
Perhaps the most striking of the
pictorial graffiti are two depictions of
the American cartoon character
‘Popeye’, closely similar except in size
and probably copied directly from a
comic strip. To the larger depiction,
someone has added Popeye’s signature
tobacco pipe, albeit disproportionately
small.
Among the inanimate objects
depicted, maritime and military themes
seem to have predominated, including
an anchor, a small steamship and a field
cannon with spoked wheels. This is
unlike any artillery in use during the
Second World War, or probably even
during the First. It is most likely,
therefore, a historical depiction.
Swastikas are present in abundance,
together with a number of simplified
union jacks.
Collections of strange symbols are
evident, perhaps representing some
kind of phonographical shorthand.
Girls at the school may well have
studied stenography in preparation for
secretarial careers – especially, perhaps,
considering Ramsgate’s historical links
with that science. The script has not
been decoded.
The tunnels are being resealed,
leaving them in a stable state with the
graffiti preserved.
CAT would like to thank developers
ISG Jackson and the sub-contractors,
Cliffe, for their assistance during these
works. Particular thanks are expressed
to ISG Jackson for arranging confined
spaces training. Thanks are also
extended to Rod LeGear and the Kent
Underground Research Group for their
assistance and comments.
The photographic survey was undertaken
by Andrew Savage, assisted by Adrian
Murphy, and the documentary research and
the tunnel was conducted by Crispin
Jarman, assisted by Russel Henshaw
4 Winter 2010 - KAS Newsletter - www.kentarchaeology.org.uk
NOTES FROM THE ARCHIVE
Image: Queen Victoria, designed by Hugh Arnold in 1910, in St Mary Magdalene, Barnstaple.
Source: With thanks to The Stained Glass Museum and Kate Lycett for permission to reproduce the image
“My Lecture came off last night. We
had an excellent attendance and the
slides were much enjoyed. A number
of the audience told me afterwards how
beautiful they were.... I did not use the
three from Sens, as Dr. Legge told me
that these could not be replaced if any
accident happened to them”(Letter to
Mrs. Arnold 4/11/1920)
Mr. C. H. Grinling (1861 – 1947)
collected information relating to
stained glass. Although the topic cries
out for illustration there are only a
small number of sketches among his
papers as well as a few photographs of
the windows of the Beauchamp Chapel
in Warwick. The need for illustration
was obviously keenly felt when
lecturing and Grinling’s correspondence
introduces some interesting slides,
eminent people and a poignant personal
story of an artist.
On the 3rd of November 1920 Mr.
Grinling was due to give a lecture on
Stained Glass to Woolwich Antiquarian
Society. In the month before this he
is engaged in a flurry of correspondence
trying to obtain slides to illustrate his
talk. He writes to Dr. T. M. Legge,
later Sir Legge (1863 -1923), best
known as the first medical inspector of
factories and a leading expert on
occupational diseases. Sir Legge was
also enthusiastic about the arts and an
authority on stained glass. Dr. Legge
undertook a lecture tour of America in
1919 and had borrowed some slides
from a Mrs. Hugh Arnold. Dr. Legge
suggested that Grinling should ask Mrs.
Arnold to borrow some of her slides.
An exchange of
correspondence
follows from which
we learn that the
slides belonged to
her late husband,
Hugh Arnold (1872
-1915). He was a
stained glass artist
influenced by the
Arts and Crafts
movement who
had his own studio
from 1903-1914
working closely
with Lowndes &
Dury at the Glass
House in Fulham.
In 1913 he
published the
influential book:
Stained Glass of the Middle Ages in
England and France. Despite his family
commitments Hugh Arnold
volunteered for active service in 1914.
He obtained the rank of Lieutenant
and was killed in action at Gallipoli in
August 1915. He is among those
commemorated on the Helles
Memorial.
The correspondence shows Mrs.
Arnold being very protective of the
slides, partly for copyright reasons,
partly because of their fragility, but
especially because the collection
contained photographs of stained glass
destroyed in the War. The majority of
these lost windows are French. She
agreed to lend Grinling the slides, on
the understanding that he does not use
A Lecture on
Stained Glass with
Lantern Slides
by Pernille Richards
the French slides, which
cannot be replaced. She also
makes a number of technical
specifications for the lantern
equipment. Grinling,
delighted, agrees only to find
that Mrs. Arnold has left for
Switzerland with her children,
before he has had a chance to
make his selection. He is left
choosing from the 50 slides
still held by Dr. Legge. The
selection includes good pictures
of
Canterbury Cathedral, West
Wickham and Dartford, but
not
nearly enough for a lecture
on
Kent glass. Grinling is
rescued by fellow antiquarians
F.
C. Eliston Erwood and
Lockwood who both lend him
more slides, but he still ends up
having to rewrite the lecture.
Despite these stresses, the
lecture appears to have been a
success. The mention of the slides
aroused the interest of Percy
Dearmer (1867 – 1936), an
eminent liturgist and historian of
Christian worship, at this point
lecturing on ecclesiastical art at
King’s College London. Dearmer was
also interested in borrowing Mrs.
Arnold’s slides for his lectures. At this
point Mrs. Arnold asks for copies to
be made by a company she refers to as
“the Lumière people” and then these
copies could be studied, but she points
out that neither Percy Dearmer nor
King’s College London are to keep the
copies. On the 19th of January 1921
Grinling writes to Dearmer that the
slides will be sent by messenger. Then
the trail goes cold. We don’t know
what happened to the slides from then
on. Given their fragile nature they may
no longer exist, but it is an intriguing
puzzle and they would be a valuable
historic record, if by some chance they
still survive somewhere.
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www.kentarchaeology.org.uk - Winter 2010 - KAS Newsletter 5
NEW BOOKS
Iron Age and Roman Discoveries at Crayford
Kent Archaeological Rescue Unit
This little known site, at Perry Street, Crayford, was discovered accidentally about 20 years ago. Members of the Kent
Archaeological Rescue Unit inspected the workings when gravel extraction started on a small site north of St Paulinus
Church. They found slight traces of Iron Age settlement; further visits revealed many features including pits, ditches
and post-holes.
Nearly 200 features were eventually found, partially excavated and recorded. Some contained important groups of
pottery, mostly of Iron Age and Roman date. Of special interest was a large Iron Age pit, found to contain more than
25 loomweights, several of which were complete.
A nearby Roman ditch contained a small domestic altar. An extra bonus was the discovery of a nearly complete
Early Bronze Age beaker, almost certainly representing a much earlier burial on the site.
The site has now been published, with 33 pages and many illustrations. Copies are £4 + 80p P&P, and can be bought
from the KARU, Roman House, New Street, Dover, Kent CT17 9AJ.
Shoreham Past and Present, New & Revised Edition
Joy Saynor and Garry Weaser, Shoreham District Historical Society
ISBN 978-0-9539543-3-9
This booklet is a revised version of the original which appeared in 2000. It
aims to contrast varying scenes of the village at a time when maps, watercolours,
drawings and photographs were becoming widely available, with the same
views of the present day. A concise and thoughtful introduction to the history
and changes in the village precedes the illustrated ‘comparative’ pages.
Price £5.00. Cheques should be made out to Shoreham and District
Historical Society and copies can be obtained from Jill Webster, Rising Sun
Cottage, Church Street, Shoreham, Sevenoaks, TN14.
Schools and Colleges in the Herne Bay Area
Herne Bay Historical Records Society, Past Series No.4
John Fishpool & Pauline Turner
ISBN 987-1-904661-14-6
Herne Bay seems to have been a popular location for schools and colleges over
the years. The introductory text includes an overview of the education system in
Kent, thus setting the scene for a detailed listing of the many educational
establishments. Coverage includes the wide variety of schools run by the church,
local authorities and privately, that have existed in the town for over 170 years.
The book is well illustrated, with images of buildings and classrooms as well as
staff and pupils.
A4, 48 pages, 46 illus. Price £5.95 (+ £1.55 if posted), from Herne Bay
Museum, 12 William Street, Herne Bay CT6 5EJ or from Pierhead Publications
Ltd, PO Box 145, Herne Bay CT6 8GY, tel: 01227 370971.
6 Winter 2010 - KAS Newsletter - www.kentarchaeology.org.uk
WHAT’S ON
KAS EVENTS
KAS PLACE NAMES COMMITTEE
CONFERENCE
Saturday 6 November 10.30am –
4.30pm
Rochester Visitor Centre, 95 High
Street, Rochester
Three speakers from the Institute for
Name-Studies, University of
Nottingham
Programme:
» Coffee
» Place-names in the Rochester area Dr
Paul Cullen
» Coining names: legends and language in
Anglo-Saxon England Dr Jayne Carroll
» Lunch (there are many eating places
nearby)
» The place-names of Anglo-Saxon
governance Dr John Baker
» Kentish surnames in the Middle Ages Dr
Paul Cullen
We are grateful to the three speakers
from the Institute for Name-Studies for
their time and expertise - this should be
a very good day.
Tickets £7.50 each. Cheques in
advance please, payable to KAS, to be
sent to Anita Thompson (KAS), Brattle
Farm, Five Oak Lane, Staplehurst. Kent.
TN12 0HE. Phone 01580 891222.
Email anita@anitathompson9.
wanadoo.co.uk.
EVENTS AROUND KENT
BEXLEY ARCHAEOLOGICAL GROUP
One Day Workshop: make a Neolithic
arrow, with Will Lord
Saturday 23 October 10am - 4.30pm
!"
#
barbed & tanged), make a shaft from
$%
"'
arrow.
Cost: £45. To be held at Bexley-Sidcup
Conservative Club, 19 Station Road,
Sidcup, Kent
For further information or to book a
place contact Pip Pulfer at: pipspad@
hotmail.co.uk or 07961 963 893, or go
to www.bag.org.uk.
CONFERENCES
Council for Kentish Archaeology &
Surrey Archaeological Society
Joint Conference - Roman Villas in
Kent and Surrey
Saturday 23 October 2 – 5.30pm
Old Sessions Lecture Theatre,
Canterbury Christ Church University
» Introduction to the Surrey Villas Dr David
Bird
» Abinger Roman Villa Nikki Cowlard &
Emma Corke
» Ashtead Roman Villa Dr David Bird
» Rescuing Roman Villas in Kent Brian Philp
Tickets £5.00 available from CKA,
Sandy Ridge, Borough Green, TN15
8HP. Please include SAE. Further
details from Ruth Plummer, email:
davru58-arch@yahoo.co.uk or 0208
7777872, or from Richard Ansell on
01732 884059, or at www.the-cka.
fsnet.co.uk
Council for Kentish Archaeology &
Kent Local History Federation, joint
Conference
Saturday 7 May 2011 at Crofton Halls,
Orpington
Details to follow in the January
Newsletter
TALKS
Crayford Manor House Historical &
Archaeological Society
PROGRAMME OF TALKS 2010/2011
» Saturday 13 November
A Country Christmas Pat Mortlock
» Saturday 11 December
Kipling - his life and work (in costume),
Geoff Hutchinson
» Saturday 8 January 2011
A Brief Education Crayford Town Archive
» Saturday 12 February 2011
Gad‘s Hill Place - Dickens‘ Little
Kentish Freehold Anne Carter
» Saturday 12 March 2011
How Charing got its Cross John Halligan
» Saturday 16 April 2011
AGM and President’s Lecture
All meetings held at The Baker Trust
Hall, Maxim Road, Crayford at 7pm for
7.30pm. Non-members welcome to
attend at a fee of £3.00 per lecture
(except for December when there is an
additional charge).
Enquiries to Mrs J. Hearn-Gillham,
phone: 01322 551279, email: janet.
hearn-gillham@ntlworld.com
Details of the Society’s summer
excursions from Mr L.Davies on 01322
525335.
Canterbury Archaeological Society
Winter Programme
Ramsey Lecture Theatre, Canterbury
Christ Church University
All talks start at 6pm
» Saturday 20 November 2010
Recent Discoveries at St Alban’s Court,
Nonington Peter Hobbs
» Saturday 4 December
St Mildred’s Tannery Site, Canterbury
– archaeological discoveries Simon
Pratt
» Saturday 15 January 2011
The Game of Kings – a history of chess
Richard Eales
» Saturday 29 January (lecture theatre
may differ)
The Frank Jenkins Memorial Lecture:
annual review of the work of Canterbury
Archaeological Trust Paul Bennett
» Saturday 12 February
Liturgy and Archaeology in Medieval
Canterbury Dr Helen Glass
» Saturday 5 March
Investigations at Bekesbourne – the
history of a Kentish village David
Gilmour
Friends of CAT and other visitors most
welcome. £2 per lecture.
COURSES
LOCAL HISTORY - SOURCES
St Leonard’s Social Centre, Deal
Mondays 2 - 4pm from 7th
March 2011
Tutor: Maureen Criddle
An introduction to the wide range of
sources available to enable you to
discover the fascinating story of your
area’s past and the people who lived
there. Topics covered include: the
www.kentarchaeology.org.uk - Winter 2010 - KAS Newsletter 7
WHAT’S ON
house, parish, military, the poor, taxes,
the census etc. The knowledge gained
will allow you to access archives with
""
research. The tutor is a historian with
many years experience in local and
family history research.
Course fee £75.00
RESEARCHING LOCAL HISTORY
20 sessions
Thursdays 2 - 4pm, 23rd Sept 2010 to
4th June 2011
Tutor: Maureen Criddle
The Landmark Centre, Deal
129 High Street, Deal CT14 6BB
Fortnightly tutor-guided practical
course researching topics of interest in
Upper Deal’s history. The period to be
investigated is c.1750 -1830. We shall
discover material from the original
sources to create a picture and present
it in an exhibition. This is the third year
the course has been offered, the
previous two have uncovered a wealth
of detail about Upper Deal.
Course fee £150.00, payable in two
instalments.
For further details about these and any
other WEA courses in the Dover/ Deal
area contact Alan Buckman on 01304
367711
EGYPTOLOGY with FRANCES
WILLIAMS
Based in Canterbury or Tonbridge
Courses planned for after Christmas
include ‘Old Kingdom Egypt’, and ‘The
Art of Amenhotep III and Akhenaten’,
as well as ongoing hieroglyph groups. A
trip to the Louvre is being considered,
with perhaps a short course or single
preparatory class session beforehand
– please contact me if this might be of
interest to you.
All courses £57. To reserve a place on a
course or if you have any queries,
please contact 07789 661616 (if
leaving voicemail please give telephone
number within your message) or
fwipetiset@hotmail.com.
EVENTS ELSEWHERE
CONFERENCE
The Archaeology of Wooded
Landscapes
Saturday 12th February
Field trips, morning of Sunday 13th
February
Meridian Hall, East Grinstead
A joint Conference between the Historic
Environment Awareness Project (East
Sussex County Council Archaeology
Team) and the Sussex Archaeological
Society
Programme:
» Woodland Usage in Anglo-Saxon
England as illustrated in contemporary
documents and place names Dr Della
Hooke (University of Birmingham)
» Hunting, Farming and fuel: the
transitory character of English
woodlands Dr Mark Gardiner (Queens
University, Belfast)
» You can’t see the wood for the trees –
locating and recording modern military
features in woodlands Roger JC Thomas
!"*
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Heritage)
» ;
""
sites in woodlands Dr Patrick Roper,
(Ecologist)
» New technology, new sites, new
insights: Discoveries across the Weald
Forest Ridge through LiDAR Vivienne
Blandford (Landscape Archaeologist)
» Wyre Forest – on transcription and
validation of LiDAR using volunteers
Adam Mindykowski (Worcs County
Council)
» Our woodland – divided, but still
united! A case study of multiple
ownership and archaeological
investigation Owners of Waste Wood,
Buxted
» Understanding the history of wooded
landscapes: Are we asking the right
questions? Towards a new research
agenda Dr Nicola Bannister (Landscape
Archaeologist)
"=>X>#=XZ>'
(free) to:
» Gravetye Manor, West Hoathly
(designed landscape incorporating iron
working remains) led by Nicola
Bannister
» Brede High Woods, Cripps Corner
(woodland landscape with woodland
management, iron working and
routeways) led by David Brown, South
East Woodland Archaeology Forum
» Broadwater Warren, Tunbridge Wells
(military use in the Napoleonic period
and both World Wars) led by Vivienne
Blandford
Conference tickets £30 (students £20).
Optional hot buffet lunch £5. Book
online at www.sussexpastshop.co.uk or
tel: 01273 405737 or email members@
sussexpast.co.uk for booking form.
HAVE YOU JUST
JOINED THE SOCIETY?
Do you wish you could
collect all the back issues
of Archaeologia Cantiana?
Now you can have 125 volumes
of Archaeologia Cantiana at the
amazingly low cost of £31 for
individual members and £76 for
institutional members on the KAS
Sesquicentennial DVD.
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
To order your copy, send a cheque
payable to Kent Archaeological
Society to Peter Tann, Town Place,
Belmont, Nr Faversham ME13 0HE.
8 Winter 2010 - KAS Newsletter - www.kentarchaeology.org.uk
Dr David Perkins
1938 - 2010
MEMBERSHIP
MATTERS
This year seems to have gone by so quickly
and it is nearly time for me to think about
sending out the renewal letters or invoices for
those of you who pay by cheque. Please bear
in mind that cheques are scheduled to
disappear in a couple of years time so if you
wish to ‘convert’ to paying by standing order
maybe now is the time to do so. Please get in
touch so that I can send a form for you to
complete; I can then send this to your bank
in plenty of time for the due date of 2nd
January.
This reminds me to ask all of you who already
pay using the banker’s order method to
check that you are paying the correct amount
and only once a year! It is surprising the
number of queries I have each year and the
number of letters I have to write, so anything
that can be sorted out before January 2011
would be of great help to me.
\'"'
'
Newsletters and Archaeologia Cantiana that
are returned marked ‘gone away’, or even
stranger, ‘not known at this address’. If you
move, or know of any other member who has,
please let me know. A few of these returns
are from Life Members and in many cases I
am not aware if these members are still alive,
which could explain a lot.
If you have any questions about any aspect of
membership or would like to have some
membership application forms to distribute
YOU & YOUR SOCIETY
Dr David Perkins, Thanet’s first
full time professional
archaeologist, died at Margate
on Tuesday 10th of August aged 72. A
local man brought up in Ramsgate,
David had a passion for the history of
his area, inspired by his family. After
training as an artist at Margate Art
School, David encountered his first
archaeological dig at Lord of the
Manor, Ramsgate in 1976 and
volunteered to help on the same day.
Progressing quickly from volunteer to
full time supervisor, his career in
archaeology began with the excavation
of the Ozengell Anglo-Saxon cemetery.
Formal qualifications through parttime
study were added to his growing
professional reputation. A BSc in
archaeological science was followed by
an MSc gained through studying
Roman and Anglo-Saxon glass. David
gained the respect of archaeologists
around the country through excavations
he directed.
The Trust for Thanet Archaeology
was formed in 1988 with David serving
as the first professional Director until
his retirement in 2003. Notable
amongst his achievements were the
excavation of Iron Age sites at Dumpton
and North Foreland as well as directing
seasons of training excavations on the
Roman Villa at Abbey Farm, Minster.
Many local people heard David speak
about his discoveries or took part in
digs with him. An acknowledged
authority on the archaeology of Thanet
by this time, David was awarded a
Doctorate by the University of London
in 2001 for his thesis on the prehistory
of the Isle of Thanet – The Gateway
Isle. Battling against the poor health
that had affected him since childhood,
David remained an enthusiast for
Thanet’s archaeology after his
retirement. His last publication on the
Bronze Age round barrows of Thanet
appeared in Archaeologia Cantiana this
year.
Despite his growing reputation and
long list of published work, David
Perkins remained an ordinary man,
pleased to share his knowledge and
encourage others to take part in his
work. Concerned to keep up the link
between amateur and professional
archaeology, David remained the
president of the Isle of Thanet
Archaeological Society until his death.
David leaves behind many friends and
students and an unrivalled body of
research on his beloved Isle of Thanet.
His work is continued by the Trust for
Thanet Archaeology which he worked
so hard to establish as a centre for
archaeological research and education.
please get in touch with me.
"]'
"
We are pleased to welcome the following
new Members:
Institutional Membership
Highworth Grammar School, Ashford
Life Member
Mr Paul Ledger, Maidstone
Student Members
Miss J H Farrell, Lynsted, Sittingbourne
Joint Members
Mr E & Mrs L Cavalli, Gillingham
^_
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$
Gravesend
Mr & Mrs A Harding, Faversham
Ordinary Members
_+]"$
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Mr D Bright, Boughton under Blean,
Faversham
Mr H R Clayton, Fordwich, Canterbury
|$}
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Mr C K Robbins, Stelling Minnis,
Canterbury
Mrs R Smalley, Gravesend
Ms B Ward, Kings Langley, Hertfordshire
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www.kentarchaeology.org.uk - Winter 2010 - KAS Newsletter 9
Erratum
Kent and Cluny, Summer Newsletter
It was, of course, not King Stephen’s
son Eustace but Prince William the son
of King Henry I, (Stephen’s uncle &
predecessor), who drowned in the white
ship.
Many apologies,
Mary Berg
Image: St Peter and St Paul, Shorne.
The evening visits this year were
to St Mary, Lower Higham
and St Peter & St Paul, Shorne.
Not only was the weather perfect but
the churches were delightful and the
speakers informative. We were met at
St Mary’s by John Vigar of the Churches
Conservation Trust (CCT) who own
and care for the church. First, John told
us about the Trust and how they work.
The Trust was created in 1969 and until
1994 was known as the Redundant
Churches Fund. It became clear that
the buildings in the Fund’s care were
often far from redundant but had
changed their emphasis. In many
churches, including St Mary’s, services
are held a number of times a year but,
sadly, they are no longer licensed for
weddings. The 16 CCF churches in
Kent are all open every day and are still
consecrated.
The church of St Mary is Norman
with a nunnery nearby and there is
Norman work in the north wall of the
nave. The church was rebuilt and
enlarged in the centuries that followed
until, in the 19th century, the railway
triggered a growth in population to the
south and a new church was constructed
nearer the railway station. St Mary
served as the nuns church as well as a
parish church and that is why are there
are two naves and two chancels side by
side. Its outer appearance is of ragstone
and knapped flint in a pattern typical
of this part of north Kent. The late
14th or early 15th century work of the
north chancel screen, the pulpit and
the south door alone merit a visit. The
area, including St Mary’s, has close
Dickens connections – it is not far from
Dickens home at Gad’s Hill.
At St Peter & St Paul we were met
by the familiar figure of Andrew
Moffat, until recently KAS Hon. Sec.
and a churchwarden at Shorne. Andrew
gave an interesting and informative
introduction to this charming parish
church. It is possible to see vestiges of
its Saxon origins but nothing is to be
seen of any Norman rebuilding.
However, there is documentary
evidence that the church was given to
Bermondsey Abbey in 1133 and the
Textus Roffensis mentioned a church
at Shorne in the 11th century. The
north aisle is dated at around the last
part of the 12th century but it was
rebuilt in the 15th century. The church
seems to have been about the length it
is today since the late 12th century but
the Randall chapel was added at the
east end of the south aisle in the late
13th or early 14th century, when the
central chancel was remodelled. John
de Cobham, whose estate was Randall,
was the patron of the chapel and it was
used as the schoolroom in the 18th
century. There is a fine 15th century
screen between the south aisle and the
chapel. The splendid tower has a
fireplace at first floor level, implying
that it was used as a tower chamber.
There is a lot to see in this fine church,
too much for one short visit. We were
served with tea and biscuits before we
set out for home after a very satisfactory
evening.
Churches Committee Visit by Mary Berg
10 Winter 2010 - KAS Newsletter - www.kentarchaeology.org.uk
The story of Thomas Becket is
one of the best-known chapters
in English history. Church and
state had clashed before and would
continue to throughout the Middle
Ages, but no confrontation ever came
near the drama of that December day
in 1170.
Becket had been born in Cheapside
where his father was a successful trader.
After school in London and Paris and
later study of civil and canon law at
Bologna and Auxerre, Thomas had
acquired a cosmopolitan education that
served him well in his first major
appointment, in the household of
Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury.
By the time he was 36 he had been
promoted to the position of archdeacon.
The year was 1154.
In that same year Henry II came to
the throne, heir to a vast Anglo-French
empire and an English kingdom that
had been in a state of virtual civil war
for nearly 20 years (‘never did a country
endure greater misery,’ recorded the
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle [1]). The king’s
task was clear - to shore up his empire
and above all strengthen its centre by
reviving the royal rights and customs
that had been eroded during Stephen’s
anarchic reign. For this he needed an
efficient chancellor, a kindred spirit of
like energy who could share his vision.
Within a year, on Theobald’s
recommendation, Becket had been
appointed to the chancellorship. Now,
free of the archbishop’s tutelage, he
carried out the king’s will with a zeal
that led him at one point to join the
king’s war with his own company of
knights, and in a dispute over royal
privileges to support the king against
his old employer. (‘He won his way by
being all things to all men,’ is Knowles’
wry comment.[2]).
Was there a competitive element in
his relationship with the king? William
fitzStephen’s contemporary account
describes Thomas and Henry meeting
a ragged beggar on a ride through
London, prompting the following
exchange. Henry: ‘Would it not be an
act of charity to give him a thick warm
coat?’ Thomas: ‘It would indeed, and
you, O king, ought to have a mind and
an eye to it’ [3]. Henry then proceeded
to try to pull off the chancellor’s cape.
In the ensuing tug of war they both
nearly fell off their horses. Henry won;
the beggar got Thomas’ cape, in a literal
investiture contest aptly symbolising
their relative power. Thomas, 15 years
Henry’s senior, might have been his
equal in intelligence and force of
character, but Henry was feudal
monarch by divine right.
In 1161 Archbishop Theobald died.
While the see was still vacant a local
family, the de Brocs, used this interval
PIONEERS, POWER BROKERS and SAINTS
The Churches Committee is always keen to emphasise that its remit
encompasses beliefs and people as well as ecclesiastical buildings and
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and Issue 82) focuses on people in our own county whose impact has been
noteworthy. The contributors will be those knowledgeable in their areas of
interest. The series will run to about ten articles.
to tighten their grip on the former
cathedral demesne of Saltwood: a small
detail in this complex tapestry but an
important one.
When Henry told Thomas he
wanted to make him archbishop the
latter answered, with a gesture at his
own rich attire: ‘How religious, how
saintly is the man you would appoint
to that holy see and over so renowned
and pious a body of monks!’ [4] – a
virtual rejection, cloaked in irony. But
the king was not to be deflected. He
needed a pliant archbishop, and that
was what he thought he would have.
Henry chose to drive his programme
through at the famous councils –
Westminster, Clarendon and
Northampton – where in full feudal
assembly he set out his claims. The
details were minute, the overarching
design hugely ambitious: to secure
barons’ and bishops’ obedience to the
‘ancient customs’ that would be codified
into written constitutions. But
statecraft soon turned to vendetta as
Becket blocked him. The latter’s failure
to attend the first day at Northampton
gave Henry the excuse he needed to
distrain his goods; at which point
Becket fled to France.
During the next six years of his exile
the drama took on the form of a lethal
chess game involving not just the
English church and its divided
Thomas Becket by Liz Nussbaum
www.kentarchaeology.org.uk - Winter 2010 - KAS Newsletter 11
episcopacy but leading European
players too. When diplomacy failed,
the weapons on the church side were
interdict and excommunication; on the
king’s side more brutal ones - arrest,
mutilation and execution. What
actually happened at the end had been,
if not foreseen, certainly feared by
onlookers at Northampton.
The knights who happened to be at
the king’s court in Argentan in
December 1170 when Henry raged
against his followers for allowing him
to be mocked by a low-born clerk,
nursed their own grudges. After
crossing the Channel the murderous
gang joined Robert de Broc at Saltwood.
It was the de Broc axe that shattered
the party wall, enabling the marauders
to get into the archbishop’s hall [5].
When Thomas entered the cathedral
after his earlier confrontation with
them, he knew exactly what would
happen.
Through his murder Becket had won
the battle. Henry did penance; the ‘evil’
clauses in the constitutions of
Clarendon were annulled.
And the war? Canterbury’s primacy,
challenged by bishop Roger of York
when he crowned Henry’s son heir to
the throne, was never questioned again.
Thanks to the miracles, the pilgrim
trade and the attraction of the cathedral
as final resting place for those seeking
the saint’s protection, untold wealth
flowed in. Pilgrim inns, lodging houses
and monastic guesthouses sprung up
inside the city and along the roads
leading to it, while the tourist trade in
relics and souvenirs boomed.
In the early 1500s Erasmus and
Dean Colet, visiting the shrine, saw it
‘crusted and buried in gold and jewels,’
evoking the following comment from
Colet: ‘To what end are these fonts
and candles and golden images…while
our brethren, who are living temples
of Christ, are perishing of hunger?’ [6].
Times – and perceptions – were
changing. Other eyes than theirs had
the cathedral treasures in their sights.
Within 3 decades the monarchy would
claim the final victory and Canterbury’s
fortunes would plummet. From being
a treasure-store of three and a half
centuries’ accumulated wealth, plunder
and the ban on pilgrimages would
reduce the city to ‘poverty, nakedness
and decay.’ [7].
[1] Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Everyman
edition, Dent 1953 p.254
[2] M.D.Knowles: Archbishop Thomas
Becket, a character study. The Raleigh
Lecture, British Academy 1949 p.14
[3] Life and Death of Thomas Becket based
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clerk. Edited by George Greenaway. Folio
Society 1961 p.44
[4] Ibid. p.51
[5] Ibid. p.153
[6] A.L.Smith: Erasmus, Lothian Essay,
Clarendon Press 1864 p.45
[7] William Lambarde: A Perambulation of
Kent 1570
Image: St Thomas & the men of Strood by Meister Francke.
Source: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei.
12 Winter 2010 - KAS Newsletter - www.kentarchaeology.org.uk
East Farleigh Roman
Buildings
The Maidstone Area Archaeological Group has been
investigating a number of Roman buildings overlooking the
River Medway at Lower Gallants Farm, Lower Road, East
Farleigh since 2005. This was initially reported in Newsletter
no.76, with subsequent updates in no.79, no.82 and no.84.
The foundations
of Building 1 were
located by
resistivity survey
and excavation in
2005/6 uncovered
a domestic building
similar in plan to
that reported in
Smith’s Topography
of Maidstone and
its Environs, 1839,
p57. During 2007
a further four
contemporaneous
n o n - d o m e s t i c
b u i l d i n g s
(Buildings 2, 3, 4
and 5) were found
about 40m to the southeast, where they were preserved
behind a lynchet with some walls remaining to a height of
over a metre. All the buildings appear to have been constructed
in the early to mid-third century, and demolished at the end
of the fourth century.
Excavations this year have concentrated on Building 5,
which ended its life as a kitchen. Construction appears to
be early third century and its original use is still open to
speculation.
The building consists of two rooms lying east/west, each
4.5 metres square. These are surrounded on the north, east
and south sides
by a 2.3 metre
wide corridor.
Just inside the
e n t r a n c e
between the two
rooms is a
mortar scar on
the floor,
indicating the
position of a
quern. A large
greensand quern
top stone broken
into five pieces,
and half of a
second one,
were scattered
on the floor of
this room (see Newsletter no.84, page 5). Also found was
part of a millstone grit lower stone. The quern was adjacent
to where two pots were found built into the floor last year.
The northwest corner of the room contained a stokeholelike
hearth consisting of a fire channel between two rows of
stone. This may have heated a cauldron placed over it. The
August 2010 Update Image: Open Day in August
www.kentarchaeology.org.uk - Winter 2010 - KAS Newsletter 13
LETTERS
Berengrave Local Nature Reserve
Dear Editor
I am a member of The Friends of
Berengrave, whose function is to try
and keep the Berengrave Local Nature
Reserve open to the public and
investigate its history. The site is owned
and managed by Medway Council as
part of Riverside Country Park but due
to cut backs has suffered some neglect,
hence the forming of our group.
We found a map dated 1934 of the
chalk pit which showed the layout of
the wash ponds, light railway track and
a building. The site was started in 1911
and sold in 1927 to another cement
company, which went bankrupt in
1931 with the site being asset stripped
around 1934. We asked Medway
Council for permission to try and
locate the building and other features
as the only visible items were eight
concrete blocks and two wash ponds.
The building proved to have been a
timber framed shed clad in cement
asbestos sheeting which had a concrete
floor laid after its construction and
clearly shows the layout of the walls.
A 5ft-deep cement lined sump had also
been excavated which seems to have
housed the boiler and steam engine.
We have recovered some of the smaller
cast-iron artefacts (listed on www.
friendsofberengrave.btck.co.uk) but
none of these carries any makers name
or patent numbers. The largest piece
is a single cylinder water pump which
had been repaired during service and
was not sold during the stripping of
the site, this also has no I.D. The pump
is in the compound at Riverside
Country Park.
We had a visit from Jim Preston in
July 2009 who gave us some ideas as
to how these plants worked. It might
help our investigations if any KAS
members have done similar work on
the local cement industry, common in
the Medway area. Do any pictures exist
of the site from the early 1900s?
I can be contacted on fraseen.
miller@hotmail.co.uk.
Fraser Miller
Vice-chairman Friends of Berengrave
Sevington Court
Dear Editor
My mother is the direct descendent of
Robert Goulding of Sevington Court,
granted a coat of arms in 1617. The
coat of arms was ‘Argent a cross voided
between four lions passant gules’. The
family appears to have moved to
Letcombe Regis in Berkshire, where
Robert’s only son, Henry, married in
1630.
We are trying to find out why they
were awarded the coat of arms (my
mother is possibly the heiress to the
coat of arms) and why they moved.
Did they have a disagreement with the
king? Sevington Court was purchased
by Sir Radcliff, physician to James I
from the Goulding’s.
Robert Goulding senior lived at
Sevington Court. Robert Goulding
junior (Henry’s father) was Mayor of
Maidstone in about 1620 and was one
of the Maidstone jurats from 1617-
1621. He died in 1623, owning the
lease of Allington Castle and Longsole
Park. He left a widow, his fourth wife
Mary, and Henry, not quite 21. Henry
was therefore cared for by his uncle
Henry Goulding, (Robert Goulding
junior’s brother) who lived in Dover.
I think the whole family had
connection with the Virginia Company
and America’s first settlements. There
is a reference to a Robert Goulding
being the Treasurer of the Inner Temple
in London in 1598. This certainly fits
with the family history.
If you are able to provide any
information, please email samantha@
samanthalee.co.uk
On behalf of Mrs Lee (formerly
Golding)
walls of the room contained evidence
of burning where small fires had
been lit. Stake holes and daub
indicated the position of a small
350mm-diameter oven. Against the
south wall a patched area of floor
produced a possible hoard of 130
mid-fourth century copper alloy
coins, ranging in size from 3mm to
15mm diameter. Fifty coins were
4mm in diameter, and these are
believed to date from 350-365 AD.
These coins are being studied by staff
at the British Museum.
The east room produced a second
oven, 700mm in diameter, located
in the southeast corner opposite the
1.2 metre bread oven located last
year. A common stokehole for these
ovens is under investigation. This
stokehole built into the floor has left
the decayed mortared floor of the
room covered in a sooty/ash deposit.
The corridor has a mortar floor
on the north and east sides. The walls
at the west end of the north corridor
were plastered with a layer of op-sig
on a base coat of yellow mortar. This
had at some time been painted
white. Nearby a small D-shaped
alcove 600mm wide was located at
floor level on the inner wall.
The external painted and
decorated render previously located
was proved to cover the whole of the
outside of the west wall.
An Open Day held on the 1st
August as part of the Festival of
British Archaeology attracted over
300 people to the site.
Excavations will continue until
the beginning of October, when the
site will be backfilled.
14 Winter 2010 - KAS Newsletter - www.kentarchaeology.org.uk
A recent comprehensive LiDAR survey
of The Blean, to the north and west of
Canterbury, carried out for The Blean
Initiative, has revealed previously
unknown earthworks both west and
north of Bigbury Camp. Kent Wildlife
Trust now own and manage several
woodlands in the area and, supported
by a Heritage Lottery Grant, were the
key funders of the project. Additional
contributions from Kent County
Council, Canterbury City Council, the
Woodland Trust and the Forestry
Commission enabled the survey to be
extended across The Blean. This note
concerns particularly an extensive
enclosure first noted by Neill Morris,
a one-time warden for KWT, in
Homestall Wood, immediately north
of the presumed line of Roman Watling
Street at Upper Harbledown and 1.5km
north of Bigbury Camp.
It is salutary to remember that as
late as the mid-nineteenth century the
earthworks of the now-famous Bigbury
Camp had not been recognised, the
first recorded finds here being the iron
agricultural tools, iron tire and horse
bit recovered by John Brent in 1861.
Brent had also reported a find of iron
fire-dogs and had assumed that all the
finds from gravel- digging had derived
from Roman graves since he was
unaware of any earthworks on what he
termed Bigberry Hill. It was R. C.
Hussey who, thirteen years later,
recognised the defences and published
an excellent plan of the ‘British
Settlement in Bigbury Wood’, marking
the findspot of the ironwork within
the southern defence line (Hussey
1874). Hussy also expressed surprise
that the significance of the site had not
been recognised since it lay in ‘a district
referred to by several writers as the
supposed scene of some of Caesar’s
most vigorous military operations’. As
he commented ‘readiness in the use of
the pen is not always accompanied by
a taste for topographical explorations
in woods and byeways’.
It seems that since then there still
has not been sufficient exploration in
the extensive woodlands surrounding
Bigbury to exhaust its potential for
hidden surprises and that other
earthworks remain undiscovered. The
Homestall Wood site is particularly
remarkable since the banks and ditches
here appear to surround a prominent
hill, overlooking Bigbury to the south
and Harbledown to the south-east, with
the Stour valley and the Tonford manor
crossing beyond. At its foot to the
south is the line of the Roman road
into Canterbury. Springs feed streams
around the base of the hill to the north
and east and one stream rises within
the area. The apparent earthworks
enclose an area of approximately 800m
east-west by 550m north-south,
approximately 35 Ha, the circuit
perhaps 2.2km in length. Other works
extend over an additional 40 Ha to the
south and west into Willows Wood,
these features slighter than the
Homestall Wood enclosure. In plan
the main earthwork is approximately
an oval, following the contour of the
hill, with the more rounded end to the
west. Where most prominent on the
west and north-west, the main
earthwork consists of a bank 9m wide
and an external ditch 6m wide,
measuring approximately 2-3m from
the peak of the bank to the base of the
ditch. The general impression is of a
Homestall Wood Earthworks, Harbledown,
LiDAR survey pulses
lasers from a plane to
the ground. The
resulting data can be
modelled to produce a
landscape stripped of
vegetation, revealing
t h e l a n d s c a p e ’ s
t o p o g r aphy and
archaeological features
usually obscured by
woodland.
These images of
Homestall show (left)
the Digital Surface
"$
the lasers which looks
similar to an aerial
photo, and (right) the
Digital Terrain Model,
the last return of the
lasers, showing the
complex of previously
hidden earthworks.
www.kentarchaeology.org.uk - Winter 2010 - KAS Newsletter 15
once substantial earthwork, the bank
heavily eroded and the ditch heavily
silted.
The eastern side of the enclosure,
towards the valley that separates the
site from Stock Wood and Rough
Common, appears to be breached in
two places, one coinciding with the
course of a stream, the other with more
substantial earthworks flanking a
causeway leading into the enclosure.
The outer extensions of the flanking
banks were especially prominent as if
defensive features in the outer part of
an entrance.
Within the enclosure, near the
summit of the hill towards the western
end of the interior, is a more clearly
defined rectangular enclosure, its bank
and ditch slighter than the main
earthworks. Much of the circuit lies
within woodland and appears unrelated
to the present layout of the parcels of
tree cover. Only on the south-west does
the earthwork coincide with the present
woodland limits; here at least it serves
as a wood bank. The slighter outer
works on the hillside above Harbledown
village are more sharply defined in cross
section and may have served as
boundaries to the woodland on that
side.
The only finds from the area are
some sherds of Late Iron Age pottery
recorded by Frank Jenkins as found
close to the line of the Roman road to
the south.
While some of these earthworks
may relate to medieval and later
woodland management, the scale of
the main enclosure suggests a major
boundary of earlier date, defining the
hilltop with a bank and ditch, once of
substantial proportions but now heavily
eroded and silted. At present these
earthworks are undated but they seem
out of scale with normal woodland
enclosures or deer park boundaries.
They are more comparable to prehistoric
earthworks, in the form of the boundary
and the hilltop location. In scale this
enclosure has a circuit considerably
greater than Bigbury Camp, its location
suggesting it served as a pair to that
earthwork, but set back further from
the river. Bigbury appears, then, as
only an element within a previously
un-recognised defensive complex,
almost an outpost, overlooking the river
crossing and linking with the earthworks
extending west into the south Blean.
The Homestall Wood site deserves
further study which would allow a
proper comparison with the rest of the
extensive earthworks in the South Blean
and at Bigbury Camp. If this is part
of a single prehistoric earthwork
complex then it would be analogous
to the largest Iron Age oppida in
Britain. The historical context of such
a site must also be considered, since,
as Hussey first suggested, the Bigbury
complex should be considered as the
woodland stronghold described in
Julius Caesar’s commentaries as the
object of an assault early in the
campaign of 54BC. The identifying
of archaeological sites with events
recorded by historical sources is
notoriously difficult, in view of the
different forms of evidence and the
numerous possibilities for misinterpretation,
but the scale of these
earthworks reinforces the case for
Bigbury, Homestall Wood and the
other earthworks as being the object
of this campaign.
Kent by Christopher Sparey-Green, Canterbury Archaeological Trust
Published by the Kent Archaeological Society, Maidstone Museum and Bentlif Gallery, St Faith’s Street, Maidstone, Kent. ME14 1LH.
16 Winter 2010 - KAS Newsletter - www.kentarchaeology.org.uk
In March 2010 the government
introduced a new planning policy
statement called PPS5. This new
policy replaced the older policies,
PPG15 and PPG16, which had
underpinned how historic buildings
and archaeological sites had been
managed in the planning system. One
consequence of the new policy affects
databases of information about historic
sites, called Historic Environment
Records (HERs, formerly known as
Sites and Monuments Records). The
Kent HER, maintained by Kent
County Council and available online
at www.kent.gov.uk/HER, has to
become more comprehensive, storing
information on a wider range of
heritage sites, and more accessible. It
needs to become the ‘one stop shop’
for people looking for information
about the heritage of Kent,
whether they want information on
archaeological sites, artefacts,
historic buildings (whether listed
or not) or historic landscape
information.
To help the HER develop in
this way, Kent County Council
has won a small grant from
English Heritage to develop a set
of guidelines for the management
of heritage information in Kent.
We are working with Maidstone
and Gravesham Borough
Councils and the Campaign for
the Protection of Rural England
(Kent Historic Buildings
Committee) to try to understand
better what heritage information
is being collected and what it is
used for. This will help us to
expand the HER and keep it up
to date, produce new ways to
Heritage Asset
Information
Management in
Kent - A new project
support information-gathering projects
and help ensure that people or
organisations using this information
can have the widest access possible. The
project is due to finish in March 2011.
In the last few weeks, most local
history and archaeology groups in Kent
should have been sent a small
questionnaire in which we asked them
to tell us about their informationgathering
projects. Responses have
included information on a range of
projects including carrying out surveys
of historic gravestones, producing lists
of buildings of local character and
researching information on historic
buildings in conservation areas.
If any group has not been contacted
in this way Kent County Council
would be very grateful to hear from
them so that we can get a fuller picture
of what kind of information people are
gathering.
For more information please contact
Paul Cuming at paul.cuming@kent.
gov.uk or call 01622 696918.
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If undelivered, please return to
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Hildenborough, Tonbridge, Kent TN11 9HD
Copy deadline for the next issue is 1st December 2010
The editor wishes to draw attention to the fact that
neither she nor the Council of the KAS are answerable
for opinions which contributors may express in their
signed articles, each author is alone responsible for
the contents and substance of their work.
EDITOR: LYN PALMER
55 Stone Street, Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN1 2QU
Telephone: 01892 533661 Email: evelyn.palmer@
virgin.net or newsletter@kentarchaeology.org.uk
Images: Volunteers recording heritage information