KAS Newsletter, Issue 88, Winter 2010/11
Written By KAS
Your Quarterly Newsletter
2-3 East Kent Access
4 Patrixbourne Window
5 Wall Paintings
New Books
6-7 What’s on
8 You and Your Society
9-10 Committee Round Up
11 KAS Library & its Coverage
12-13 Notes from the Archive
14-15 Folkestone Dig
16 KARU -40 Years in Dover
www.kentarchaeology.org.uk
INSIDE THIS ISSUE
Britain’s biggest
dig in 2010
Pages 2-3
ISSUE NUMBER 88
WINTER 2010/11
KENT
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
SOCIETY
2 Winter 2010/11 - KAS Newsletter - www.kentarchaeology.org.uk
East Kent Access
The road is being built on the southern
slopes of Thanet, extending from the
Ebbsfleet Peninsula in the mouth of
the former Wantsum Channel up the
scarp slope to the high ridge at Manston
Airport. Readers of this newsletter will
be very familiar with the vast wealth
of archaeology that the former Isle of
Thanet holds. East Kent has long been
recognised as a gateway to the country
for new peoples, cultures, ideas and
trade. Thanet, sited on the east side of
the Wantsum Channel - an important
harbour and navigational route - was
particularly well located to receive this
influx. The landscape in which the road
is being built is associated with some
of the great events and traditions of
British history: Claudius’ invasion in
AD43 at nearby Richborough, the
tradition of the arrival in AD449 of
Hengist and Horsa at Ebbsfleet and in
AD597 the arrival of St Augustine and
his Christian mission. The building of
the road offered an unparalleled
opportunity to explore the background
to this historically important area,
uncovering the lives and customs of the
peoples who dwelt there.
At its planning stage, it became clear
that the road could not be built without
affecting important archaeology and
this was likely to occur over much of
its route. In total over 6km of the road
length was stripped for archaeology,
(Section shown in front cover aerial photo)
following a preliminary programme of
field walking, test pitting, metal
detecting and evaluation trenching.
The challenge was considerable; the
road builders, VolkerFitzpatrick
Hochtieff needed to complete their
main earthmoving by the end of the
summer. This meant that that the
archaeology had to be promptly dealt
with beforehand, often in very poor
This article presents some of the highlights of the
prehistoric archaeology, with the principal Roman, Saxon
and medieval discoveries being the subject of a further
article in the next newsletter.
An important new road link, the East Kent Access
Phase 2, is being built by Kent County Council to the
south of Manston Airport. Construction of the new road
is now well underway on what was the site of Britain’s
biggest archaeological excavation in 2010. For over a
year, up to 150 archaeologists from Oxford Wessex
Archaeology (OWA) have been investigating one of the
richest archaeological landscapes in the country.
Britain’s biggest dig in 2010
Fig 1
Fig 2
Fig 5
Fig 3
by Phil Andrews (Oxford Wessex Archaeology) and
Simon Mason (Kent County Council)
www.kentarchaeology.org.uk - Winter 2010/11 - KAS Newsletter 3
weather conditions. To achieve this
OWA had to approach the excavation
in an innovative manner, ensuring that
all the archaeology was rapidly mapped,
finds and environmental samples
processed, dated and assessed during
the fieldwork and the results entered
into a computer Geographic
Information System. This enabled the
archaeologists to understand the results
of their work as it progressed and
ensured that appropriate sampling
decisions were taken.
An important part of the archaeology
work was to make sure that the local
community had the opportunity to see
and learn about, and if they wanted to,
participate, in the archaeological works.
An extensive outreach programme was
put in place which included road shows
(Fig 1), school visits, talks, open days,
volunteering opportunities on an area
set aside for a community excavation
and finds processing and a dedicated
web site (eastkent.owarch.co.uk).
Thousands of people came into contact
with the project during the fieldwork.
The discoveries have been every bit
as exciting as had been anticipated. The
earliest discoveries were a couple of
stray Mesolithic tranchet axes found
in later features and the remains of a
Mesolithic flint working area, the debris
deposited in the hollow left by a fallen
tree. Such remains are rare on Thanet.
Neolithic and Bronze Age remains on
the scheme were plentiful, though the
absence of Beaker burials was surprising
given the number that have been found
on Thanet. Neolithic pits were found
on a number of the sites, including a
particularly large cluster of over twenty
on high ground overlooking Cliffsend.
Aerial photography and previous
excavations on Thanet have shown that
the landscape was once rich in Neolithic
and Bronze Age burial mounds and
other monuments. Due to millennia
of ploughing, none of these now survive
East Kent Access
as upstanding earthworks, but the
associated, now infilled encircling
ditches, are often visible as cropmarks.
Over the length of the road twelve
ring ditches were discovered in varying
topographic locations. Many were sited
on the high ridges or slopes overlooking
the Wantsum Channel, others were
sited in lower lying locations. They
varied greatly in size, from the smallest
at around 4m diameter to the largest
over 40m across, with ditches up to
2m deep. Some of the ring ditches
appeared to be small henge-like
monuments in their original form and
are likely to be of Neolithic date. These
were penannular ditches with external
banks which probably acted as
enclosures for ritual activity. Some were
later transformed into Bronze Age
funerary monuments and burials were
found in a number of them. One in
particular contained a rich assemblage
which included an amber object and
a unique triple food vessel (Fig 2).
Later Bronze Age activity was mainly
focused on the Ebbsfleet peninsula and
on the adjacent slopes of Cottington
Hill. The remains of settlement
including post-built structures,
enclosures and trackways were found
during the work. A particularly fine
discovery, found on the Ebbsfleet
peninsula, was two gold bracelets
dating to around 800 - 700BC (front
cover). The bracelets were unfortunately
not found in archaeological features as
the area in which they were discovered
had been landscaped in the early 1990s
when a waste water treatment works
was constructed. It is very likely,
however, that they are related to the
several Late Bronze Age metalwork
hoards that have been previously
discovered on the same site; another of
these was found during the
current work.
The Iron Age was perhaps the best
represented period on the scheme and
remains of this date were found across
the entire route. The vestiges of
settlement, enclosures, field systems,
and trackways were widespread
throughout the landscape.
One of the most notable and
intriguing sites, dating to the earlier
centuries of the Iron Age, was found
on a high promontory overlooking
Pegwell Bay in Cliffsend. Here a large,
trapezoidal enclosure, (Front cover inset)
with broad, deep ditches (Fig 3) appears
to focus on a former henge monument,
the ditches of which must still have
been clearly visible at the time. Within
the enclosed area were the remains of
a large sunken featured building (visible
in front cover inset), one of the best
examples of this date yet found and a
type of prehistoric structure that
appears unique to Thanet. Other
features lay outside the enclosure and
included a substantial palisade, postbuilt
structures, rubbish pits, granary
pits and complexes of quarry pits. A
number of burials were excavated,
including one with a
shale bracelet (Fig 4) and another of
a horse (Fig 5).
Another important site, a Romano-
British village with Iron Age origins,
lay at the neck of the Ebbsfleet
Peninsula, but this will be covered in
the next newsletter.
Fig 4
4 Winter 2010/11 - KAS Newsletter - www.kentarchaeology.org.uk
Sources: ‘Patrixbourne Church: Medieval Patronage, Fabric and History’ in Archaeologia Cantiana v.122 (2002), pp. 113-142. M. Berg, and H. Jones.
Norman Churches in the Canterbury Diocese, (The History Press, 2009). Unpublished reports prepared for Patrixbourne with Bridge PCC.
Kent has many great treasures and none
more precious than its Norman
churches. Two of these have 12th
century wheel windows set in the
chancel gable: Barfrestone and
Patrixbourne, both near Canterbury.
The only other wheel window from
this period set in an eastern gable is in
Castle Hedingham church in Essex and
that was recycled from the castle. The
dimensions of the inner part of the
windows at Barfrestone and
Patrixbourne are almost exactly the
same and they are strikingly similar in
style. This begs the question of whether
they were originally intended – or
even used – as a pair elsewhere,
perhaps in a transept of a much larger
local building. However interesting
it is to speculate about that, it is
beyond the scope of this article.
Patrixbourne’s name is from the
family called Patric(k) who were lords
of the manor from soon after 1066
until 1191. They were tenants of the
Conqueror’s half-brother Odo, Earl
of Kent and bishop of Bayeux in the
Bessin area between Bayeux and
Caen, although their principal manor
was at La Lande-Patry in southern
Normandy. A church is recorded at
Patrixbourne in the Domesday Book
(1089) and Tim Tatton-Brown and
others have discerned some evidence
of late Anglo-Saxon work in the present
church. What we see today is largely a
12th century church where the roof
was raised in the early 15th century to
accommodate a large west window and
a chapel to the south-eastern end of
the nave. The
north aisle
was added in
the 19th
century when
other restoration and rebuilding
programmes were carried out.
Surviving decorative 12th century
work includes the splendid south
door and the chancel arch as well as
the east end. It is well worth visiting.
The wheel window is certainly
Norman work but new evidence (see
below) indicates that it may not have
been part of the original scheme for
the east end but inserted some time
later. That could have been towards the
end of the 12th century, perhaps during
the work of the 15th century or later
still. It underwent considerable
restoration in the 19th century, as did
that at Barfrestone, making it virtually
impossible now to determine when
either was inserted. During recent work
on the beautiful post-medieval Swiss
Patrixbourne’s
Wheel Window
by Mary Berg, Chairman,
KAS Churches Committee
glass installed in the lancets
below the Patrixbourne wheel, cracks
were observed in and around the wheel.
The churchwardens commissioned
reports from the Canterbury
Archaeological Trust, a glass
restorer, a stone mason and a
structural engineer.
Close inspection revealed some
instability but not an immediate
threat of collapse. Some damage
appears to result from the 19th
century repairs when some stonework
on the exterior of the wheel was
replaced by inferior Caen stone and
the window was reset and re-glazed.
Repair work is necessary but sadly
English Heritage is not providing
funding. It is hoped that the 2010/11
winter is not as severe as 2009/10 as
the effort to raise the necessary funds
gets underway.
Friends of St Mary’s Patrixbourne
(FOSM) may be contacted c/o
Dr Andrea Nicholson, Riverside
Cottage, Patrixbourne, Canterbury
CT4 5BU who will be delighted to
receive contributions!
Detail of the window’s interior
Detail of the window’s exterior
www.kentarchaeology.org.uk - Winter 2010/11 - KAS Newsletter 5
NEW BOOKS
Image source: ‘The legend of St Eustace, wall painting (c. 1480), Canterbury Cathedral
Photo used under Creative Commons from Chris Beckett.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/chrisjohnbeckett/
How often in visiting a church,
are sad fragments of ancient,
vivid depictions of often
Biblical scenes displayed. The originals
would have transformed the interior
as well as serving as the equivalent of
modern strip cartoons for the largely
illiterate congregation. The lime
washings over of the Reformation, the
Commonwealth and the well meant
restorative operations of Professor E
W Tristram in the inter war years all
caused irreparable damage.
Tristram (1882 – 1952) became
Professor of Design at the Royal
College of Art in 1925 and took a
great interest in these depictions. He
published several works on the subject,
notably ‘English Medieval Wall
Painting’ in 1944 -50 and
posthumously in 1955. A Kentish
example and its rectification is
described in the
article by Fiona
Allardyce in Arch.
Cant. CI, 122
(1984) relating to
the Painting of
St. Eustace in
C a n t e r b u r y
Cathedral. The basic
error in Tristram’s
method was the
application of a wax
coating. This sealed
the surface, leading
to moisture being
trapped, producing
Calcium sulphate
from limestone and
building up osmotic
pressure and hence
spalling off of the
surface.
In a recent issue
of Chemistry World
(V 7, no. 10,9,
(2010)) (Roy. Soc.
Chemistry) is an article outlining
current practice and developments.
These were presented at the recent
EuCheMS Conference in
Nuremberg. (R Giorgi et al. Chem.
Eur J., 16, 9374 (2010)). Presently
an acrylic polymer coating is applied
but these yellow in light and lead
to the same loss of surface as the
wax. At the University of Florence,
a solution of Calcium hydroxide
nano-particles has been developed.
These do not make the surface
impervious to water and react with
oxygen to replace lost Calcium
carbonate. The technique has also
been successfully applied to paper
etc. The alcoholic solution is simply
brushed onto a thin layer of
porous paper which is then
removed when dry.
Letters from Bishopsbourne
Christopher Scoble
£17.99. Published by BMM.
ISBN 978-0-9541544-1-7
The village of Bishopsbourne was once
home to three of the finest stylists in
the English language – Richard Hooker,
the humble theologian who penned
the definitive justification of the
Elizabethan church settlement; Joseph
Conrad, who wrote his last novels
there; and Jocelyn Brooke, whose
‘orchid’ trilogy shot him to fame in the
late 1940s.
After a testing life of action, all three
arrived in the village in search of peace
and the space to write. They all loved
the place in different ways, but died
relatively young, frustrated by life and
literature. This book recalls the lives,
both in and out of the village, of three
very different writers, but with one
thing at least in common – a lasting
love for the countryside of Kent. Wall Paintings by Peter Draper
6 Winter 2010/11 - KAS Newsletter - www.kentarchaeology.org.uk
WHAT’S ON
KAS EVENTS
KAS SPRING EXCURSION
Visit to Chevening House
Tuesday 5 April, 10am - 12.30
A two hour visit to every part of the house,
conducted by Col. R.P.D. Brooks, Sec. to
the Board of Trustees.
Cost £15.00 each. Refreshments included.
Numbers are very limited and a second visit
this year is not possible.
To reserve a place please contact Joy
Saynor by February 1st on 01959 522713
or saynor@shorehamkent.wanadoo.co.uk
KAS CHURCHES COMMITTEE
STUDY DAY
Living through the Reformation at St
Dunstan’s, Canterbury
Saturday 9 April 10am - 4.30pm
St Dunstan’s Church Hall,
London Road, Canterbury
Two morning lectures including:
‘Religious changes and impact on the
parish’ Professor Ken Fincham
Four afternoon workshops looking at the
church before and after the changes –
studying the building and church
documents.
Cost £12.00 each including lunch,
tea and coffee.
Booking form – see enclosed flyer in
newsletter or go to www.kentarchaeology.
org.uk or by post from (include SAE):
Mrs J. Davidson, 7 Chatsworth Rd,
Gillingham ME7 1DS, 01634 324004 or
jacalyn.davidson@canterbury-cathedral.
org.
KAS CHURCHES COMMITTEE VISITS
Saturday 30 April
St Botolph’s, Lullingstone & St Martin
of Tours, Eynsford
Please meet at 1.45 for 2pm starting
at St Botolph’s (postcode DA4 0JA;
grid ref TQ528644.
Parking is available outside the castle wall.
We will then move on to St Martin of Tours
(postcode DA4 0EH; grid ref TQ540654).
Cost £5 each, to include tea and biscuits
at Eynsford.
Please register by contacting the Church
Visits Secretary, Jackie Davidson,
jacalyn.davidson@btinternet.com
or 01634 324004.
Dates of all Churches Committee visits this
year can be found in the diary at
www.kentarchaeology.org.uk .
KAS LECTURES IN THE LIBRARY
Lectures by Dr Jackie Bower in
Maidstone Museum, Faith Street,
Maidstone.
VICTORIAN PEOPLE
Mondays 10.15am – 12.15pm from 9 May
for six weeks (excluding Bank Holidays)
The class will look at the lives and careers
of men and women of Victorian Britain who
made a contribution to national life or are
remembered for significant personal
achievements. Cost £30.
GEORGIAN AND VICTORIAN LONDON
Mondays 2 – 4pm from 9 May for 6 weeks
(excluding Bank Holidays)
The class will study London in the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when
it was the world’s greatest city, at the centre
of the British Empire. Topics may include
the growth of the metropolis, transport,
public health and housing, and the Port of
London. Cost £30.
For further information contact Joy Sage at
the museum or 01622 762924.
EVENTS AROUND KENT
Trust for Thanet Archaeology
Dr David Perkins Memorial
Conference
26 March from 2 - 4:30 pm
Broadstairs Campus of Canterbury
Christchurch University
An afternoon of lectures and discussions
led by friends and colleagues to celebrate
the life and work of the first Director of the
the Trust for Thanet Archaeology who died
in August 2010.
Tickets £5.00 (£3:00 students).
Further details of speakers and ticket
reservation will be available from the
Trust’s website, www.thanetarch.co.uk, in
January 2011.
Proceeds and donations from the memorial
conference will go toward a fund to prepare
Dr Perkins’ unpublished excavation reports
for publication.
Council for Kentish Archaeology
Joint Conference with the Kent Local
History Federation & Bromley Local
History Society
Saturday 7 May from 9.15am
Aspects of the Archaeology and
History of Bromley Borough
Illustrated talks on archaeological
discoveries by Brian Philp, and Bromley’s
historic past by local historians, followed
by site tours (in the afternoon) of
archaeological sites and historic buildings
Held at Crofton Halls, York Rise, off Crofton
Road, Orpington BR6 8PR.
Morning free for Friends of the CKA; there
may be a charge in the afternoon
Maidstone Area Archaeological Group
Indoor Meetings on Fridays from 7.30
- 9.30pm, 21 January
Archaeological Excavations at Margetts
Pitt, Kent by Mark Williams, Wessex
Archaeology
»» 18 February: Domesday Kent by David
Carder
»» 18 March: Recent Archaeological Work
in East Kent by Keith Parfitt, Canterbury
Archaeological Trust
»» 15 April: Annual General Meeting
»» 20 May: Ordnance Survey Maps -
Ancient and Modern by Colin Brown
»» 17 June: LiDAR & the Archaeology of
Ashdown Forest by Lyn Palmer
www.kentarchaeology.org.uk - Winter 2010/11 - KAS Newsletter 7
WHAT’S ON
Venue - Kent Police College, off Sutton
Road (A274), Maidstone.
Admission free (non-members £1).
Bexley Archaeological Group
»» Saturday 26 February
‘Dendrochronology’ with Dr Martin
Bridges (Oxford Dendrochronology
Lab and UCL)
»» Saturday 12 March
‘Place Names and Local Archaeology’
with Sue Harrington (UCL)
»» Saturday 14 May
Dayschool/workshop on ‘The
Archaeology of Human Evolution’ led
by Dr Tim Reynolds, Birkbeck
All events from 10am - 4.30pm
Cost: £20 (£15 if member of BAG)
Venue - Bexley-Sidcup Conservative Club,
19 Station Road, Sidcup, Kent, DA17 5EB
To book a place contact: Pip Pulfer,
Principal Field Officer, 07961 893693 or
pipspad@hotmail.co.uk,
www.bag.org.uk
Annual training excavation takes place 1-5
August. For further information, contact Pip
Pulfer.
Loose Area History Society
»» Monday 14 March
‘The Heartbeat Years’, an illustrated
talk by Roy Ingleton
»» Monday 11 April
‘Old Maidstone Firms Sharp’s Toffee,
breweries and Clarkes the Furnishers’,
a talk by Andrew Clarke
»» Monday 9 May
‘The History of Loose Allotments’, a talk
by Molly Procter
»» Monday 13 June at 7.30pm
Guided tour of St Lawrence Church,
Mereworth, by Andrew Wells,
churchwarden and author of a history
of the church
»» Monday 11 July 11 at 7pm
Visit to Lashenden Air Warfare
Museum, Headcorn Aerodrome
»» Monday 10 October
‘Hazards of the Journey Pilgrimage
and Travel’, a talk by Imogen Corrigan
»» Monday 14 November
‘Despatches from the Home Front’,
a talk by Chris McCooey
»» Monday 12 December
‘A Shopping trip in Downe in a bygone
era,’ an illustrated talk by Barbara
Stevens
Unless otherwise indicated all meetings are
held at Loose Infant School Hall, Loose
Road, Loose, Maidstone, Kent, starting
at 7.30pm.
Non-members welcome Admission £2.50
Pay at the door Free parking in school
grounds.
Enquiries, 01622 741198 or
www.looseareahistorysociety.webeden.co.uk
To reserve a place on the visits to St
Lawrence Church and Lashenden Air
Warfare Museum contact Jenny Harrison,
jenny@jennyh.wanadoo.co.uk or 01622
745067.
Crayford Manor House Historical &
Archaeological Society
»» Saturday 12 March
How Charing got its Cross by John
Halligan
»» Saturday 16 April
AGM and President’s Lecture
All meetings held at The Baker Trust Hall,
Maxim Road, Crayford at 7pm for 7.30pm.
Non-members welcome to attend at a fee
of £3.00 per lecture.
Enquiries to Mrs J. Hearn-Gillham,
01322.551279, or
janet.hearn-gillham@ntlworld.com
Canterbury Archaeological Society
Ramsey Lecture Theatre, Canterbury
Christ Church University
»» Saturday 5 March at 6pm
Investigations at Bekesbourne – the
history of a Kentish village by David
Gilmour
Friends of CAT and other visitors most
welcome. £2 per lecture.
TEBUTT RESEARCH FUND
Grants are available towards research
into any aspect of the
WEALDEN IRON
INDUSTRY
or subjects pertaining to it
Applicants may be individuals or
groups and the application can
include any associated expenses,
such as travelling and photocopying.
It is anticipated that some £500 plus
will be available from the fund. The
applicant should write a letter giving
details of themselves together with
relevant information concerning the
research envisaged.
to
David Brown, Hon Sec,
Wealden Iron Research Group,
2 West Street Farm Cottages,
Maynards Green, Heathfield,
Sussex TN21 ODG
Registered Charity No. 281485
Wealden fireback from 1662
8 Winter 2010/11 - KAS Newsletter - www.kentarchaeology.org.uk
YOU CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE
By the time that you read this, those of you
who pay by cheque should have received your
renewal letter. Thank you very much for the
prompt replies – if you have not yet renewed
please do so as soon as possible – saving
money for the Society by me not having to
send out too many reminder letters!
In view of the current economic climate we
have decided that subscriptions should stay
at the present level until at least 2012 so your
loyalty is even more important.
Please check your bank statements for
January to make sure that your subscription
had been paid correctly at the beginning of
the year.
If you have any questions about any aspect of
membership or would like to have some
membership application forms to distribute
please get in touch with me.
Shiela Broomfield, 8 Woodview Crescent,
Hildenborough, Tonbridge, Kent TN11 9HD
telephone: 01732 838698 email:
s.broomfield@clementi.demon.co.uk
There are a number of opportunities
for members to join a KAS Committee
and get involved and interested in the
many archaeological and historical
things happening. Details of the
Committees – what they do and who
to contact – can be found by going to
www.kentarchaeology.org.uk and
following the links; or, email secretary@
kentarchaeology.org.uk.
2011 A.G.M. Saturday 14th May,
Guildhall Museum at Rochester.
As well as joining a Committee, as a
KAS member you can nominate the
members of the Council and the
Society’s officers for election at the
Annual General Meeting. Any five
members can propose a candidate for
election as a member of Council or as
an officer. Nominations have to be
received in writing by the Hon. General
Secretary by the 1st March 2011 at the
latest and must be accompanied by the
written consent of the candidate. If
there are more candidates than
vacancies there will be a postal ballot.
Our President, Chris Pout, will
not be seeking re-election. The
Council will nominate a candidate
for election as President. However,
members may put forward their own
nominations, as mentioned above.
The new President will have the
challenge of leading the Society in
an era of great change.
Further information can be obtained
from the Hon. General Secretary, Peter
Stutchbury, Lympne Hall, Lympne, Kent,
CT21 4LQ ; email
secretary@kentarchaeology.org.uk.
Although an application form does not
have to be used, he can supply a
suitable form. The results of the
elections will be announced at the
A.G.M. More details of the A.G.M. will
be in the April Newsletter.
I am very pleased to welcome the following
new members:
Student Members
Miss R McVeagh, Westerham
Mr T Mitchell, Dunks Green, Tonbridge
Joint Members
Mr D Jackson & Ms S Mounce, Eccles
Ordinary Members
Mr T Croucher, Rainham
Mr R Golds, Chiddingstone Hoath
Mrs A M Hornigold, St Albans, Herts
Mrs J E Richardson, Tunbridge Wells
Mr G Stark, Harrietsham
Mrs S Taft, Hayling Island, Hants
MEMBERSHIP MATTERS
At a recent meeting of Council
it was decided to form a new
committee of the Society to
represent people who are interested in
Industrial Archaeology in the Historic
County of Kent.
At this meeting the following points
were raised:-
Industrial Archaeology covers a wide
range of activities, not all of which
involve the built environment. In fact
many groups exist whose sole interests
are in machinery both mobile and
stationary. Current government policy
intends to make greater use of brown
field areas for development and this in
turn may lead to a greater threat of
destruction of industrial sites. This is
very much the case as many such sites
have never been listed and assumptions
are made by developers that if it’s not
on the HER then there is nothing there.
It is of course much easier to look at
the record than to investigate. Our
new committee would not be involved
in legal or planning matters. It was
also felt that it would be valuable to set
up a regional framework with members
covering different geographical areas
and being in contact with local groups.
If you are interested in joining this
group please contact Mike Clinch
(details to the right)
The terms of reference for the new
committee were decided upon as:-
“To promote the study of Industrial
Archaeology within the Historic
County of Kent. To liaise with other
groups to record and publish details
of sites.”
In order to get the new group up and
New Industrial
Archaeology
Committee
YOU & YOUR SOCIETY
www.kentarchaeology.org.uk - Winter 2010/11 - KAS Newsletter 9
The committee’s last organized
visit of 2010, on Saturday
25th September, focused on
two fine medieval churches in
the area of Kent
between Ashford and
Folkestone. The
visitors were welcomed
by the Revd Richard
Le Rossignol at
Brabourne and the
Revd Martin Jones at
Aldington, and the
committee chair, Mary
Berg, gave brief talks
on the architectural
history of each
building. In addition, Mrs Jean
Bowden from Court Lodge Farm,
adjacent to Aldington Parish Church,
spoke about the surviving medieval
features in her farmhouse which
originated as an archiepiscopal
manor house.
St Mary the Virgin’s Brabourne has
a beautiful setting in a small village at
the foot of the North Downs. It is an
impressive and lofty building with
many features surviving from its late
12th century construction. In
running there will be an afternoon
conference at the Harrietsham
Village Hall at 2pm on Saturday
February 19th.
If you would like to come along to listen
or contribute please contact Mike Clinch
T: 01322 526425,
mike@mikeclinch.co.uk.
particular, the chancel has
richly carved decoration, a
fine priest’s door
and an extremely rare
contemporary stained glass
window. Imogen Corrigan
spoke about the foliate
head on the chancel arch’s
north capital, and Mary
Berg identified possible
Cluniac influence in the
shape of the arch
itself. This reflected
the sympathies of the
lord of the manor
Robert de Vere, who
gave the church to the
nearby Cluniac Horton
Priory in 1142.
The church was
subsequently enlarged in
the late 13th/early14th centuries by
the local Scott family. Interesting
survivals from that period,
and up to the Reformation,
include the (empty)
Bethersden marble heart
shrine, the log ladder in
the tower and a fine set of
Scott brasses.
St Martin’s Aldington
owes its impressive scale
to the fact that the manor
belonged to the
archbishops of Canterbury
from the Norman
conquest up to the Reformation. The
visitor’s first sight of the church is of
the impressively tall tower, which was
started by Archbishop Warham in
1507. On the day of the KAS visit,
Aldington’s bell tower captain
accompanied visitors to the top to enjoy
the magnificent views. The base of the
former 11th century tower survives as
the vestry on the south side of the nave.
Other Saxon and Norman work can
be seen in the nave and chancel,
but the church was much extended in
KAS Historic
Buildings
Conference
by Angela Davies
the 13th century. Notable contents
include a complete set of 15th
century stalls with poppy heads and
misericords in the chancel.
The church was restored in 1876 by
Blomfield, who was the brother of the
then incumbent, and it also contains
some good 19th century stained glass
by Heaton, Butler and Bayne. Wall
displays and audiovisual equipment
testify to the activities of the 21st
century congregation, members of
whom kindly provided refreshments
to the KAS visitors.
An audience of around 60
attended the annual Historic
Buildings Conference held on
Saturday, 9 October in Harrietsham
Village Hall. The day’s programme
KAS Churches
Committee Visit
to Brabourne
and Aldington
by Paul Lee
COMMITTEE ROUND UP
North window of the church
Chancel from the NW
10 Winter 2010/11 - KAS Newsletter - www.kentarchaeology.org.uk
Three distinguished place-name
experts from Nottingham
University talked to an
enthralled audience at this sold-out
event in November 2010. Dr Paul
Cullen started with surnames from the
1377 Rochester list, separating them
into relationship, nickname,
occupational and locative names. He
emphasised the south-eastern flavour
of names with –atte- such as Simon
atte hale and -ere used as a locative
(Bridger, a man living near a bridge).
He said how useful the British 19th
century surname atlas had been to him
when mapping names. It is on sale from
www.archersoftware.co.uk at £12.99.
Dr Jayne Carroll spoke about mint
names on Anglo-Saxon coins, and how
in the small compass of the silver penny
lie 87 early forms of place-name, 11 of
which are unrecorded elsewhere. They
were made by artisans using spoken
forms, less archaic than contemporary
manuscript spelling. She gave us an
interpretation of ‘Rochester’, derived
not from the spurious warleader Hrof
but from the Roman name ‘Durobrivum’,
with the accent on the second
syllable not the first. An unsuspected
‘Ro-‘ appeared.
Dr John Baker tackled Anglo-Saxon
warfare and governance, studying the
map for strongholds, meeting places
and beacons by using geography
together with place-names. Beacons by
definition lie in high places, the same
places in Anglo-Saxon times as in 1588.
Pepinbury (now Pembury) is named
for a watchman. I had to look
at the high places round the hospital
to be convinced.
Dr Paul Cullen’s final talk was about
the Rochester area. He touched on
COMMITTEE ROUND UP
covered a wide range of topics, with
presentations on domestic, agricultural,
and industrial buildings, from possible
Iron Age roundhouses to 20th century
lime kilns.
The first speaker welcomed by
Christopher Proudfoot, Chair of the
Conference and of the Historic
Buildings Committee, was David
Martin of Archaeology South-East. In
his presentation, ‘Historic Buildings
– Linking Documentary and Physical
Evidence’, David provided illustrations
of some houses in the High Weald, and
invited the audience to consider what
sort of people might have lived in them.
Based on documentary research, he
went on to describe who had actually
lived in them - in some instances quite
a surprise. David demonstrated how
significant the work of the documentary
historian was in establishing
the evolution of buildings and.stressed
how much could be gained by
documentary and physical research
being carried out together.
David Carder, member of the KAS
Historic Buildings Committee, then
spoke on ‘Kent’s Agricultural Building
Heritage’. David pointed out that not
only did Kent have some outstanding
old agricultural buildings but also access
for examination was usually much
easier than for dwellings. He focussed
on two types of agricultural building
in which Kent was particularly
rich: barns and oasthouses.
He explained how they functioned,
and gave advice on how to date them
by examining various features and styles
of the buildings.
After lunch came presentations on
the activities of two local archaeological
groups. First, Albert Daniels of the
Maidstone Area Archaeological Group,
who spoke on ‘The Limekilns of
Charing’. Albert gave a fascinating
description of work done to clear and
record a set of limekilns, which had
KAS Place-names
Day at Rochester
by Anita Thompson
been built as recently as the 1920s and
closed down in 1959. As well as
explaining how the kilns and associated
buildings on the site were used in the
process of making lime and quicklime,
he gave an insight on the working life
of the men who were employed there.
Paula Jardine-Rose talked about the
activities of the Wychling, Doddington
& Newnham Historical Research
Group in her presentation: ‘An
Archaeological Investigation on the
North Downs’. The recently formed
group had been looking for the location
of the medieval village of Wychling,
with unexpected results. Initial
discoveries included possible Iron Age
roundhouses and a dew pond, although
so far little evidence of the site of a
medieval settlement could be found.
Roger Cockett, newly appointed
coordinator of the Peopling Past
Landscapes Project, summarised the
history of the project since its launch.
Then, looking to the future, he
described the shift in focus to study
the people in the PPL transect from
1066 to the 1860s: what they did,
where they lived, and how the different
landscapes affected people’s lives.
The findings of the research
would be recorded on a KAS
database and on the KCC Historic
Environment Record.
Finally, after a lively discussion
session, the day was rounded off with
a visit to St. Margaret’s Church. The
majority of the audience made the
journey to Wychling, where the group
was welcomed to by the Rev. Richard
Frost. After a tour, Peter Draper shared
the results of his research on the history,
architectural features, and contents of
this remote little church.
His animated presentation also
offered a glimpse into the social history
of the parish, and even put forward a
theory on the missing settlement of
Wychling.
www.kentarchaeology.org.uk - Winter 2010/11 - KAS Newsletter 11
Celtic roots (very few) and Roman,
and ended the day by emphasising the
narrowness of Anglo-Saxon definitions.
A holt, for instance, is a managed
single-species wood. A cliff must slope
45 degrees or above. A hythe is a river
landing, while a ford is never tidal. Any
place named –church was visible from
a long way away. This was an
excellent day.
In my work as Hon Librarian, I am
constantly impressed by the
uniquely wide coverage of subjects
and activities relevant to the Society’s
aims and objectives which have been
built up over the 150 years of the
Society’s existence. In this short article
I hope similarly to impress the readers,
and to encourage them to take
advantage of the facilities offered by
the Library’s Collections.
Basically, the Library’s collection of
books and pamphlets may be considered
in the following main streams. First,
there is an extensive number of books
and pamphlets on the history and
archaeology of Kentish towns, villages,
hamlets and places, shelved
alphabetically by location; second,
books and pamphlets on Kentish
history and archaeology more generally,
shelved by subject; third, volumes on
the study and practice of history and
archaeology; and fourth, a collection
of runs of journals of UK national and
other UK county and local historical
and archaeological Societies,
together with runs of publications of
some Continental history and
archaeological associations.
Runs of journals in this fourth
stream constitute a major part of the
stock of the society’s library, and come
from county Societies with a wide
range of topics with similar aims to
that of the KAS, such Sussex, and
Surrey, and from national bodies, such
as the British Archaeological
Association, with a broader national
view. Other more specialist titles such
as the Numismatic Chronicle and the
Brass Rubbing Society are
also available. Many of these
journal runs extend back to the mid
19th century.
The bulk of these runs have been
received under reciprocal agreements,
in exchange for copies of
KAS publications, as have
a selection of journal runs from
Europe - German, Dutch, Swedish
and Flemish societies. The volumes
from the Continent are usually
profusely illustrated with high quality
plates, maps and diagrams,
and often have summaries in English.
These volumes provide a good
opportunity for keeping in touch with
recent research on the Continent,
which often includes English or even
Kentish material, and demonstrates
an increasing development of a transcontinental
(trans-manche) approach
to historical and archaeological
studies. As an example of this, Dr
Ronald Bockius, in Des Romisch-
Germanisch Zentral Mueums Mainz,
has explored the idea of a potential
Mediterranean influence on the
European Shipbuilding Tradition over
the centuries. Several British finds are
included in his distribution analysis
illustration, including the Dover Boat.
Another item, which could potentially
inspire studies of Kentish localities, is
in Monograph 6 of Archaeologia in
Vlaanderen, which contains a
collection of papers from
a Colloquium at Ostende-Rafersijde
in Vlandeeren in November 2003
dealing with ‘Fishery, Trade and Piracy,
Fishermen’s Settlements in and around
the North Sea Area in the Middle Ages
and Later’, and many aspects of
these settlements are studied in
the Colloquium.
I remind you that the KAS Library
is in Maidstone Museum on St Faiths
Street, Maidstone. Access to the Library
may be gained by KAS Members at any
time the Museum is open, by
presentation of a KAS membership
card and signing at the Museum front
desk. A catalogue and a written guide
are available in the Library to help you
to locate items on the shelves. The book
catalogue is also online. Should you
find that the item you want to consult
is not in the Library Room in the
Museum but is lodged in one of the
Library’s stores, please contact the Hon
Librarian to arrange access. Similarly,
non-KAS members requiring access to
the Library should also contact me.
I do hope I have encouraged you to
visit the Library when you are next in
Maidstone, to sample its riches.
A small selection of journal titles from the
Library :-
»» Archaeologia
»» Archaeological Journal by the Royal
Institute of Archaeology
»» Bonner Jahrbücher
»» Britannia
»» Essex Archaeology and History
»» Journal of Roman Studies
»» Journal of the British Archaeological
Association
»» L’Institut Archaeologique Liegeois
»» Revue Historique de Dunkerque
»» Surrey Archaeological Collections
»» Sussex Archaeological Collections
COMMITTEE ROUND UP
The KAS Library
and its coverage
Article by Frank Panton,
Hon Librarian, assisted
by Pernille Richards
and John Walters.
12 Winter 2010/11 - KAS Newsletter - www.kentarchaeology.org.uk
“ This ridge at the cross roads with
its Bronze-early Iron Age-trenches,
Belgic occupation sites and cemetery
with pedestal vases, its evidence of
Roman occupation, and its Jutish
burials should have been reserved as an
archaeological park but the area, long
only occupied by a mill and the miller’s
house, now sees scores of houses in
permanent possession” (W.P.D.
Stebbing, Arch. Cant. LX, 1947)
W.P. D. Stebbing (1873 – 1961) wrote
about the estate built in the 1930s on
the eastern slope of Mill Hill, Deal,
where he undertook a series of
excavations. He published his findings
in Arch. Cant. between 1929 and 1947,
but these were short notices and not
illustrated. A number of photographs
and negatives from the 1934 excavation
have been found among his papers in
PMP Box 13. Many of these
photographs were taken by John
Archibald and some by Mr. Pearce.
Despite some technical shortcomings
these photos add an extra dimension
to the already published account and
A section of the Early Iron Age ditch on the NW side looking SW, below the waterworks site, June 1934
NOTES FROM THE ARCHIVE by Pernille Richards
EXCAVATIONS AT MILL HILL, DEAL by W.P.D. Stebbing
give a valuable visual impression
of the site and the excavation
methods employed.
The story starts in the dry summer
of 1928 when crop marks were
noticeable in the oats on the slope
between Deal Waterworks and Deal
Cemetery. Mr. Cecil Knox, later Vice
Chairman of Deal and District Local
History and Research Society,
investigated the site and found a section
of a circular V-shaped ditch in a small
excavation. The ditch was found to be
6-7 feet deep and estimated to be 16
feet wide with a diameter of 83 feet.
Small finds consisting of animal bones,
including skulls of large dogs, and
fragments of pottery were found.
Stebbing initially dated the material to
the early Iron Age, but years later
revised this to Late Bronze Age-early
Iron Age. The star find was fragments
of a large storage jar with a fingerimprinted
rim. Cecil Knox built a
restoration of this jar and a photo of
this is among the papers.
Correspondence with Christopher
Hawkes of the British Museum
regarding an analysis of the finds from
the site is also among the papers.
Christopher Hawkes was of the opinion
that the finds were predominantly Late
Bronze Age.
Aerial photographs of the area were
taken with the assistance of Mr. O.G.
S. Crawford, F.S.A. and the images
revealed two further circular ditches of
roughly the same size close by. Stebbing
and Knox had hoped to continue
excavating the following year, but it
was not until the spring of 1934 that
work resumed on the site. Stebbing
learnt that The First National Housing
Trust were to build on the site as part
of a housing scheme for miners. They
gave permission to excavate the parts
of the site not immediately affected by
construction work. Excavation work
commenced on the 10th of March
1934 and continued until July 13th
where more of the ditch, first opened
by Cecil Knox, was exposed. Stebbing
employed an un-named local man, who
had previously done excavation work
at Richborough Castle, and it may be
this man who appears in many of the
www.kentarchaeology.org.uk - Winter 2010/11 - KAS Newsletter 13
Mrs Archibald in the ditch
Exposing the ditch, with the building site in the background
EXCAVATIONS AT MILL HILL, DEAL
1934 photos. In an article in The
Times, August 7th 1934, Stebbing says
that there was insufficient time and
money to expose the entire ditch or
much of the interior of the feature.
The photographs show the excavation
work taking place while the houses are,
quite literally, being built around
the excavators.
Stebbing does not appear to have
excavated the two circular features
found by aerial photography in 1928,
although it is difficult to be certain of
this as he does not give exact map
references in his papers and refers to
the site simply as “The Trench at the
top of Mill Hill.” He did apparently
excavate sections, which he believed to
be part of the original ditch, over the
years, for instance in 1938 during the
construction of an air raid precaution
trench in St. Richard’s Road.
In April 1947 a ‘Belgic’ rubbish pit
was discovered on the northern side of
Mill Hill, by the junction with St.
Richard’s Road during construction
work. Stebbing wrote this up and
finished with the comment quoted at
the beginning of this article. He was
proved right in his assessment of the
richness of the archaeology in the area.
However, the housing needs of the
living have helped uncover other
archaeological treasures in the area. It
was very close to Stebbing’s old sites
that Keith Parfitt and the Dover
Archaeological Group discovered a
fascinating site, including many Iron
Age burials, prior to the development
of houses in the years 1984-1989.
14 Winter 2010/11 - KAS Newsletter - www.kentarchaeology.org.uk
The Scheduled Roman villa site above
East Wear Bay at Folkestone overlooks
the English Channel, with clear views
across to the French coast, some 36km
distant. The villa here was first
discovered and excavated by Samuel
Winbolt in 1923–4 (Winbolt 1925;
Fig 1) and remained open until 1957,
when it was backfilled due to its poor
state and declining visitor numbers.
The complex comprised a large
winged-corridor house (Block A) with
an adjacent corridor house (Block B)
set at a right angle to it. A bath-suite
(Block C) lay immediately beyond
Block B. Traces of Iron Age activity
were located below the villa remains.
The only excavations undertaken since
Winbolt’s time were those conducted
by the Kent Archaeological Rescue Unit
in 1989, when the remains of Block C
on the cliff-edge, together with the
south-eastern end of Block B, were
re-examined, with some useful results
(Philp 1990).
In 1924 about 30 metres of land lay
between the north-east wing of Block
A and the cliff edge. By 2010 coastal
erosion had reduced this figure to
2.25m (Fig 2). Work in 1989 established
that part of Block C was already
destroyed. The entire villa complex is
thus at risk of loss in the short to
medium term. Finds previously made
on the foreshore below the site have
included quantities of Iron Age and
Roman coins and pottery (Holman
2005; Weston 2005), together with
numerous examples of quernstones,
many unfinished (Keller 1988, 59–68;
Keller 1989, 193–200). Taken together,
the evidence demonstrates the existence
of a highly significant archaeological
site on the adjacent cliff-top, which
is being steadily eroded by the sea. The
Roman villa forms just one element
of this site, which clearly has pre-
Conquest origins.
In December 2009 the Heritage
Lottery Fund awarded grant funding
of £298,000 to conduct a three year
community archaeological and
historical project entitled ‘A Town
Unearthed: Folkestone Before 1500’
(ATU). Investigation of the East Wear
Bay site was planned as a major
component of this project during 2010
and 2011, led by Canterbury
Archaeological Trust, working in
association with Canterbury Christ
Church University and the Folkestone
People’s History Centre. Additional
funding for the project has come from
the KAS and the Roger De Haan
Charitable Trust.
Fieldwork for 2010 began with a
geophysical survey, undertaken in June.
Excavations started in August and lasted
until the end of October. More than
200 volunteers participated and over
two thousand members of the public
visited the site, together with around
400 school children. Work focussed
on the north-east wing of Block A,
nearest the cliff, together with a
previously undug area immediately to
the north-east. Five test-trenches were
FOLKESTONE ROMAN VILLA
Report on excavations 2010 by Keith Parfitt
General view of the 1924 excavations, looking north - Fig 1
www.kentarchaeology.org.uk - Winter 2010/11 - KAS Newsletter 15
also cut to the north of the villa. These
revealed significant stratified deposits
and features, mostly dating to the late
Iron Age and Roman periods.
The re-exposed villa foundations
were found to be reasonably well
preserved. They were confirmed as
relating to two successive buildings
(Villa I and Villa II; Fig 3) occupying
the same site, as previously reported by
Winbolt. Below these remains were
found important pre-Roman deposits
and structures, mostly dating to the
late Iron Age and largely untouched by
the earlier digging. The primary clays
over the natural produced quantities
of early prehistoric pottery and
flintwork. A late Iron Age curving gully
dug into these clays seemingly
represented the drainage ditch enclosing
a timber roundhouse. It was overlain
by a rough chalk floor, probably relating
to a subsequent building, cut through
by the earliest villa foundations.
Substantial quantities of finds were
recovered, including some important
pottery and flint assemblages. A total
of 23 coins was discovered, of which
thirteen are Iron Age. Many fragments
of quernstone were also collected, all
but one made from the local greensand.
Previous research (Keller 1988; 1989)
has established that such querns were
being manufactured at the site and this
was fully borne out in 2010, when two
working floors were located in one
of the outlying trenches.
The archaeological deposits present
on the site are considerably more
extensive and complex than previously
realised. The finds suggest that
habitation in the area occurred at
various times throughout prehistory,
beginning in the Mesolithic. The main
period of occupation, however, was
during the late Iron Age, perhaps
c.150BC–AD50. The first of the two
Roman villa buildings was probably
erected sometime before the end of the
first century AD. Whether there was
a gap between the final occupation of
the Iron Age site and the construction
of this villa presently remains unclear.
The pre-Roman settlement clearly
covered an area considerably larger than
the villa complex; an unknown amount
must already have been lost to the sea.
The quantity of Iron Age coins and
imported pottery now known, most
notably imported Italian wine
amphorae of Dressel 1 type, implies
that this site was of rather higher status
than a simple farmstead. Located
virtually at the shortest sea crossing to
the Continent, it seems highly likely
that this site on the south-east Kent
coast was acting as a port of trade with
the Roman world during the first
century BC. The next season of
excavation is being awaited with great
anticipation. KAS members will be
most welcome to join in.
Bibliography
»» Holman, D., 2005 ‘Iron Age coinage
and settlement in east Kent’, Britannia
36, 1−54.
»» Keller, P.T., 1988 ‘The evidence for
ancient quern production at
Folkestone’, Kent Archaeological
Review 93, 59−68.
»» Keller, P.T., 1989 ‘Quern production at
Folkestone, South-East Kent: An
interim note’, Britannia 20, 193−200.
»» Philp, B.J., 1990 ‘Excavations on the
Roman villa at Folkestone 1989’, Kent
Archaeological Review 99, 206–209.
»» Weston, A., 2005 ‘First century samian
pottery from East Wear Bay,
Folkestone’, Kent Archaeological
Review 161, 11–14.
»» Winbolt, S.E., 1925 Roman Folkestone
(London: Methuen).
Fig 3 - High-level view of the 2010 excavations showing two phases of Roman foundation(taken from a kite by Leonard Ochiltree)
Excavation of the North-East Wing of the villa in 2010 - Fig 2
High-level view of the 2010 excavations - Fig 3
Published by the Kent Archaeological Society, Maidstone Museum and Bentlif Gallery, St Faith’s Street, Maidstone, Kent. ME14 1LH.
16 Winter 2010/11 - KAS Newsletter - www.kentarchaeology.org.uk
In July last year the Kent Archaeological
Rescue Unit celebrated its 40th year of
rescue archaeology in Dover. Way back
in July 1970, the Unit responded to
the threat of development and
undertook an eight week operation on
the York Street bypass cutting through
the west side of the ancient town,
locating the Roman shore-fort of
Dubris. Beneath this they found the
Classis Britannica fort with some walls
still standing 3m high, resulting in the
lifting of the proposed road (A20) by
nearly 2m so that the remains
were preserved.
The site of the Roman Painted
House, destined to be a multi-storey
car park, was another site saved from
an ignominious fate. This is now a
well-known tourist attraction. Over
the next three decades, the Unit
produced three volumes on the Dover
If undelivered, please return to
S. Broomfield, 8 Woodview Crescent,
Hildenborough, Tonbridge, Kent TN11 9HD
Copy deadline for the next issue is 1st March 2011
The editor wishes to draw attention to the fact that
neither she nor the Council of the KAS are answerable
for opinions which contributors may express in their
signed articles; each author is alone responsible for
the contents and substance of their work.
EDITOR: LYN PALMER
55 Stone Street, Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN1 2QU
Telephone: 01892 533661 Email: evelyn.palmer@
virgin.net or newsletter@kentarchaeology.org.uk
Have you just
joined the Society ?
Do you wish you could
collect all the back issues
of Archaeologia Cantiana?
Now you can have 125 volumes
of Archaeologia Cantiana at the
amazingly low cost of £31 for
individual members and £76 for
institutional members on the KAS
Sesquicentennial DVD.
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
To order your copy, send a cheque
payable to Kent Archaeological
Society to Peter Tann, Town Place,
Belmont, Nr Faversham ME13 0HE.
excavations – on the Classis Britannica,
the Painted House (Fig 1) and the
Saxon town.
Brian Philp, founder and director
of the Unit, who lives 75 miles away
from Dover, commented “Had I known
that the project would over-run by 39
years and 44 weeks, I might have
bought a house in Dover to save over
300,000 miles in weekly travel! But it
has been a great pleasure to lead the
team in this long voyage of discovery”.
The Unit held an open weekend to
celebrate their 40 years of work. Many
of their original team members came
along and over 200 people enjoyed the
guided tours.
The Mayor of Dover presented Brian
Philp and George Ruck, both Trustees
of the Roman Painted House, with the
town badge (Fig 2).
KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL
RESCUE UNIT 40 years in Dover
Fig 1
Fig 2
Bronze AgeChurchesConservationDiscoveriesDoverEducationEventsExcavationsSocietiesIron AgeKAS LibraryMiddle AgesMethodologyArchitectureNorman ChurchesCommunity ArchaeologyRomanWall PaintingsFindsFolkestoneGeographic Information System (GIS)MesolithicNeolithicKAS ArchivePatrixbourneRing DitchesCommitteesVolunteeringCrayford Manor House Historical Society